Human vocal communication using language is Speech. Languages use phonetic combinations of vowel and consonant sounds.

Although people ordinarily use speech in dealing with other persons,  when people swear they do not always mean to communicate anything to anyone, and sometimes in expressing urgent emotions or desires they use speech as a quasi-magical cause, as when they encourage a player in a game to do or warn them not to do something. There are also situations in which people engage in solitary speech. People talk to themselves sometimes in acts that are a development of what some psychologists have maintained is the use of thinking of silent speech in an interior monologue to vivify and organize cognition, sometimes in the momentary adoption of a dual persona as self-addressing self as though addressing another person. Solo speech can be used to memorize.

The speech is compared with written language, which may differ in its vocabulary, syntax, and phonetics from the spoken language, a situation called diglossia. Speech is the subject of study for linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, psychology, computer science, speech pathology, otolaryngology, and acoustics. Researchers study many different aspects of speech: speech production and speech, perception of the sounds used in a language, speech repetition, speech errors, and the ability to map heard spoken words onto the vocalizations needed to recreate them, which plays a key role in children’s enlargement of their vocabulary, and what different areas of the human brain, such as Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area, underlie speech.  The speech is compared with written language, which may differ in its vocabulary, syntax, and phonetics from the spoken language, a situation called diglossia.

Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered consciousness relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity and inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles during rapid eye movement sleep, and reduced interactions with surroundings. It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli.

Sleep occurs in repeating periods, in which the body alternates between two distinct modes:  REM sleep and non-REM sleep.  A well-known feature of sleep is the dream, an experience typically recounted in narrative form, which resembles waking life while in progress. During sleep, most of the body’s systems are in an anabolic state, helping to restore the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems; these are vital processes that maintain mood, memory, and cognitive function, and play a large role in the function of the endocrine and immune systems. The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night.

Humans may suffer from various sleep disorders, including dystonias such as insomnia,  hypersomnia,  narcolepsy, and sleep apnoea; parasomnias such as sleepwalking and Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, bruxism; and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. The advent of artificial lights has substantially altered sleep timing in industrialized countries.

The most pronounced physiological changes in sleep occur in the brain. The brain uses significantly less energy during sleep than it does when awake, especially during non-REM sleep. In areas with reduced activity, the brain restores its supply of adenosine triphosphate.

Sleep increases the sensory threshold. In other words, sleeping persons perceive fewer stimuli, but can generally still respond to loud noises and other salient sensory events.

Sleep is divided into two broad types: non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. The sleep cycle of alternate non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep takes an average of 90 minutes, occurring 4–6 times in a good night’s sleep.

Awakening can mean the end of sleep, or simply a moment to survey the environment and readjust body position before falling back asleep.

The introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change is Pollution. A contaminant is a substance that is present where it should not be or present at concentrations above the background. All pollutants, i.e. the components of pollution, are contaminants, but not all contaminants are pollutants. Pollution can be from chemical substances, energy, noise, heat or light. Pollutants can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Major forms of pollution include the following: Air pollution, light pollution, littering, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, and water pollution.

The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. 

Pollution introduced by light at night is becoming a global problem, more severe in urban centres, but contaminating large territories also, far away from cities and towns.

Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration, the area affected and the persistence.

Hygiene is a set of intentional practices performed to preserve health and spread of disease-causing microorganisms.

An individual’s habits such as how frequently one was to bathe, wash one’s hands, wash one’s clothes, or even trim one’s fingernails would be examples of hygienic practices. Hygiene also pertains to all surfaces being pathogen-free like at home or a workplace, especially kitchen and bathroom facilities.

Hygiene and cleanliness are seen as commendable to society and could be reasons for experiencing disrespect and disdain if neglected.

Hygiene is a trifecta concept related to cleanliness, health, and medicine.

Professional and self-care practices include hygienic standards laid out by sanitation departments. In the field of medicine and daily lifestyles, these hygienic standards are employed as preventive ways to decrease the incidence and propagation of disease.

Cultural differences play a role in what may be accepted to be hygienic or not.

Industrially, the manufacturing of various products including food, clothing, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, etc. requires good hygiene which is a critical aspect of quality assurance.

Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It is performed for various reasons, to aid growth and improve strength, prevent ageing, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, improve health, and also for enjoyment. Many individuals choose to exercise outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and enhance their well-being.

In terms of health benefits, the amount of recommended exercise depends upon the goal, the type of exercise, and the age of the person. Even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none.

Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:  

• Aerobic exercise is any physical activity that uses large muscle groups and causes the body to use more oxygen than it would while resting. The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase cardiovascular endurance. Examples of aerobic exercise include running, cycling, swimming, brisk walking, skipping rope,  rowing, and hiking. dancing, playing tennis, continuous training, and long-distance running.
• Anaerobic exercise, which includes strength and resistance training, can firm, strengthen, and increase muscle mass and improve bone density, balance, and coordination.  Strength exercises include push-ups, pull-ups, lunges, squats, and bench presses. Anaerobic exercise also includes weight training and functional training. eccentric training, interval training, sprinting, and high-intensity interval training, increasing short-term muscle strength.
• Flexibility exercises stretch and lengthen muscles.  Activities such as stretching help to improve joint flexibility and keep muscles limber. The goal is to improve the range of motion which can reduce the chance of injury.

Physical exercise can also include training that focuses on accuracy,  agility,  power, and speed.

Types of exercise can also be classified as dynamic or static. ‘Dynamic’ exercises such as steady running, tend to produce a lowering of the diastolic blood pressure during exercise, due to the improved blood flow. Conversely, static exercise (such as weight-lifting) can cause the systolic pressure to rise significantly, albeit transiently, during the performance of the exercise.

Physical exercise is essential for maintaining physical fitness. It can contribute to maintaining a healthy weight, regulating the digestive system, building and maintaining nutritional bone density, muscle strength, and joint mobility, promoting physiological well-being, reducing surgical risks, and strengthening the immune system.